联邦法院判决,即使没有书面雇佣合同,公司董事可以同时也是雇员:Acexide Technology Sdn Bhd & Anor v Chang Heng Keong & Another Appeal [2026] CLJU 2221

对于许多出海东盟的中国企业而言创始股东、董事与高级管理人员往往同时承担经营管理职责但相关劳动关系安排并不完善。马来西亚联邦法院近日作出重要判决,明确即使没有书面劳动合同,公司董事仍可能被认定为公司雇员,并享有劳动法项下的非法解雇救济权利。该案再次提醒中国企业,在马来西亚及其他东盟国家运营时,应妥善区分董事身份与劳动关系,并通过书面协议、薪酬安排及治理文件降低潜在争议风险。

序言

马来西亚联邦法院(马来西亚最高法院)最近在 Acexide Technology Sdn Bhd & Anor v Chang Heng Keong & Another Appeal [2026] CLJU 2221 一案中作出的判决重申了以下原则:即使没有书面雇佣合同,担任公司董事也不会妨碍其同时也是该公司的雇员(因此,仍然可以就非法解雇提出索赔)。

背景事

上诉人公司成立于1996年,主要从事消防照明系统、非开挖技术和运输的安装和维护业务。三位发起人(Lim、Chang 和Woon)均成为该公司的股东和董事。在相关重要时刻,两名被上诉人(Chang 和 Woon)是上诉人公司的董事,分别持有36%和10%的股份,剩余54%的股份由另一名董事(Lim)及其子持有。

在Lim的授意下,公司召开了一次特别股东大会。Lim凭借其与其子共同持有的多数股份,在会上通过决议罢免了两名被上诉人的董事职务。两名被上诉人首先对Lim及其子提起少数股东压迫诉讼,但同时,他们还根据 1967 年产业关系法(“产业关系法》”)第 20 条向产业关系总监移交了一份文件,称他们作为“劳动者”被上诉人公司非法解雇。 

法庭、高等法和上诉庭判决

工业法庭在听取证据后判决,认定公司决策者(如董事)不属于雇员,被上诉人不符合《产业关系法》中“劳动者”的定义(因此无法主张其被非法解雇)。被上诉人向高等法庭提出的司法复核申请同样被驳回。

然而,上诉庭推翻了下级法院的判决,认为被上诉人确实是雇员,即使没有书面雇佣合同,也不意味着公司与每名被上诉人之间不能存在口头雇佣合同。

邦法院的

联邦法院准许公司就上诉庭的判决提起上诉,最终维持了上诉庭的判决。

联邦法院维持上诉庭的判决(该判决认定被上诉人是公司的雇员),依据的是双方的行为,包括以下事实:

  1. 公司已代表被上诉人缴纳了雇员公积金(EPF)和社会保险机构(SOCSO)的法定缴款。
  1. 被上诉人的月度工资和津贴报表显示其工资按时发放。
  1. 被上诉人分别被列入公司员工名册,职位分别为项目总监和技术总监。
  1. 相关的员工所得税申报表(即员工年度薪酬报表)将被上诉人的收入归类为“SG”(工资),而非“OG”(营业收入)。
  1. 相关工资单记录显示,被上诉人领取的是工资而不是董事费。

针对公司提出的“劳动者”法定概念以雇佣合同为基础,其中雇员须对上级主管负责(而作为公司董事,被上诉人不受任何监督和/或上下级关系约束)的论点,联邦法院判决:

  1. 由于被上诉人分别担任项目总监和技术总监的职务,他们必然向总经理或董事会全体成员汇报工作。被上诉人本身是否为董事会成员并不影响本案的判决。
  1. 由于被上诉人须对董事会全体成员负责,因此他们受上下级/雇佣关系约束,从而符合《产业关系法》中“劳动者”的定义。

对于公司辩称没有证据表明被上诉人作为雇员已被解雇的说法,联邦法院认为这种说法不正确,因为该特别股东大会的会议记录显示,两名被上诉人均被免去董事职务,并表明他们被解除所有职务,公司将不再向两名被上诉人支付“工资”,这反映了公司一直将他们视为雇员的事实。

结语

本案重申了担任公司董事并不妨碍其同时也是公司雇员的原则。本案也表明,公司与其董事之间的法律关系需要谨慎管理,所有协议和雇佣安排均须以书面形式记录。此外,本案也提醒我们,雇佣法中法定保护的适用性通常取决于实质而非形式。

如有任何疑问,请联系本页列出的团队成员。

有关区域雇佣事宜,请参阅立杰亚洲雇佣业务部了解更多信息。

由合伙人Sivaram Prasad撰写。 

撰稿说明 

本法律动态由Christopher & Lee Ong合伙人Rubini Murugesan Sivaram Prasad 写。


 

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