新加坡加强打击串标的执法力度

概述

自2018年起,针对卡特尔的监管执法似乎有所放缓,在新冠疫情及其直接影响期间,竞争监管机构的执法行动也因疫情限制而减缓。然而,疫情后全球范围内的卡特尔执法出现了显著反弹。在新加坡,竞争与消费者委员会(”竞消委“)在过去一年内就串标行为——即违反《2004年竞争法》第34条(”竞争法“)的行为——作出了三项违规裁定。

这些案件不仅体现了执法力度的提升,还突显了竞消委在执法中对技术和数字证据的高度运用,明确了”经营者”的定义,并提醒业界调查往往源自多方投诉。值得注意的是,投标方在这些案件中成为竞消委的重要信息来源。可以推测,竞消委多年来的宣传已使投标方更能识别潜在违规行为。

综上,随着竞消委工具的增强及其维护市场公平竞争、保护消费者的决心,未来将有更多串标行为被发现和查处。本文将讨论与串标相关的三项违规裁定,强调企业在应对招标时必须注意的要点、确保合规。竞消委的关注点不仅限于串标,还包括价格操纵和市场分割。企业需深入了解可能违反法律的行为,采取适当措施确保合规。

针对公司及前董事串标的违规裁定

2024年9月5日,竞消委对Rei Securite Pte. Ltd.(”Rei“)及苏志强(”“)作出违规裁定,认定其在投标义安理工学院三项软件及相关支持服务报价邀请时存在串标行为。竞消委是在义安理工学院发现反竞争行为并投诉后启动调查的。

调查发现,Rei与苏策划,由苏通过两家新成立公司为每个报价邀请提交陪标,使Rei的投标成为最低且最具竞争力的报价,从而中标。苏是两家新成立公司之一的董事,这两家公司均无实际业务或收入。苏还刻意制造Rei与两家新公司独立投标的假象,但通过对元数据及其他证据的审查,很快被揭穿。

该案是竞消委首次认定个人为“经营者”并作出违规裁定。竞消委认为,苏因向客户提供与Rei软件许可合同相关的IT支持服务而被视为“经营者”。这提醒业界,个人若符合“经营者”定义(即有能力从事与商品或服务相关的商业或经济活动)并违反竞争法,也可能被追究责任并面临经济处罚。

非住宅室内装修招标串标的违规裁定

2024年12月20日,竞消委对Flex Connect Pte Ltd(“FL”)和Tarkus Interiors Pte Ltd(“Tarkus”)作出违规裁定,认定其在非住宅室内装修工程招标中存在串标行为。FL和Tarkus是少数有能力承接高价值室内装修工程的公司之一。

竞消委接到匿名举报,称两家公司可能涉及价格操纵和串标,随即展开调查,并对两家公司办公场所进行了突击检查。调查发现,两家公司在2016年至2021年间参与的160多项招标中,有12项存在明确证据的串标行为。两家公司辩称,若不参与投标将被排除在未来招标之外,但竞消委认为这并非正当理由。

值得注意的是,竞消委仅对有证据的12项陪标行为作出处罚,实际违规次数可能更多。竞消委对两家公司合计处以9,999,182新元的罚款,创下串标案件最高罚款纪录。

公共部标串标的违规裁定

2025年5月23日,竞消委对建诚·筑业私人有限公司(“建诚·筑业”)和湖南奉天建设集团有限公司(“湖南奉天”)作出违规裁定,认定其在人民协会(“人协”)三项社区俱乐部升级工程招标中存在串标行为。

2023年7月,人协在授标前即发现可疑串标行为并向竞消委举报,建诚·筑业和湖南奉天随后被排除在评标之外。调查发现,湖南奉天为建诚·筑业准备了投标文件并提供报价建议,双方之间不存在实际竞争。竞消委对两家公司合计处以4,644,409新元罚款。

值得注意的是,串标方未中标并未影响竞消委的处罚决定。实际上,若仅以串标方的中标金额计算罚款,将无法体现违规行为的严重性、对违规企业和其他企业起到有效威慑作用。

评论

上述违规裁定凸显了竞消委对卡特尔行为,尤其是串标行为的零容忍态度,该等行为仍然是其长期执法重点之一。在三起案件中,竞消委均认定串标行为消除了串标方之间的竞争、剥夺了客户获得真正有竞争力报价的机会,导致客户可能为中标项目支付过高费用。

执法工作不仅在新加坡,也将在其他司法管辖区继续大力推进。在一个国家发生的违规行为很容易跨越国界,在其他相关司法管辖区也被视为违规行为。各国监管机构已在多个论坛上提醒竞争领域的从业人员注意这一点,并持续倡导合规经营。

在企业治理方面,确保遵守竞争法与遵守任何其他领域的法律一样重要。因此,企业必须采取措施,确保员工了解法律并在法律的界限内运营。企业在审查其商业行为是否合法时必须保持高度警惕。这需要培训、定期沟通,更重要的是,要有附带有效检查和制衡机制的适当标准操作程序。如果您有任何疑问或希望讨论以上任何内容,请随时联系本页列出的团队成员。

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